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Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Jan 2022Different serotypes of botulinum toxins (BoNTs) act upon different types of SNARE proteins. This property is used in aesthetic medicine to treat certain eye disorders... (Review)
Review
Different serotypes of botulinum toxins (BoNTs) act upon different types of SNARE proteins. This property is used in aesthetic medicine to treat certain eye disorders such as crossed eyes (strabismus) and uncontrolled blinking (blepharospasm), to treat muscle spasms or movement disorders, and, for the two last decades, more and more often, to provide support in cancer therapy, especially so as to obtain analgesic effects upon spastic conditions. The limited literature data also suggests that the addition of BoNTs to the culture of cancer cell lines reduces cell growth, and mitotic activity, and promotes their apoptosis. BoNTs have several advantages that can be emphasized: BoNTs act on both perfusion and oxygenation; moreover, BoNTs are considered to be safe and free of systemic side effects upon administration. Recently, advances in molecular biology techniques have allowed a wide variety of novel BoNT constructs with alternative functions. These constructs could be assessed as potential new classes of anti-cancer drugs. This creates new potential perspectives in the wider use of non-toxic modified BoNT constructs in cancer therapy. In the light of the mentioned premises and existing literature reports, the aim of this review is to summarize current data and reports considering BoNT use in cancer therapy. KEY POINTS : •Botulinum toxin (BoNTs) may be useful in cancer treatment. •Botulinum toxin can serve as an analgesic after cancer radiotherapy. •Botulinum toxin has the ability to inhibit tumor growth and promote apoptosis of neoplastic cells.
Topics: Analgesics; Botulinum Toxins; Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Neoplasms; Serogroup
PubMed: 34951660
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11741-w -
Neurotherapeutics : the Journal of the... Jan 2014Selecting the appropriate treatment for dystonia begins with proper classification of disease based on age, distribution, and underlying etiology. The therapies... (Review)
Review
Selecting the appropriate treatment for dystonia begins with proper classification of disease based on age, distribution, and underlying etiology. The therapies available for dystonia include oral medications, botulinum toxin, and surgical procedures. Oral medications are generally reserved for generalized and segmental dystonia. Botulinum toxin revolutionized the treatment of focal dystonia when it was introduced for therapeutic purposes in the 1980s. Surgical procedures are available for medication-refractory dystonia, markedly affecting an individual's quality of life.
Topics: Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; Botulinum Toxins; Dystonia; Humans; Neurosurgery; Quality of Life; Trihexyphenidyl
PubMed: 24142590
DOI: 10.1007/s13311-013-0231-4 -
Toxins Dec 2021Task-specific focal dystonia is characterized by muscle contraction(s) during a specific task, resulting in abnormal postures or movements. Specifically, writer's cramp... (Review)
Review
Task-specific focal dystonia is characterized by muscle contraction(s) during a specific task, resulting in abnormal postures or movements. Specifically, writer's cramp involves the upper extremity during the act of writing. Musician's dystonia has a highly variable presentation, and thus makes therapeutic options more limited. Treatments include oral pharmacologic agents, neuromodulation, surgery and, most often, botulinum toxin (BoNT) injection. Selection of target muscles for toxin injection continues to be an area of active research for these task-specific movements. We present a review of the literature selected from a predefined search of the and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. We include six controlled studies of botulinum toxin for the management of writer's cramp and focal task-specific dystonia (FTSD), including musician's dystonia. Overall, 139 patients were included across all studies, with 99 individuals injected for writer's cramp and the remaining 40 individuals with FTSD. The age range of all patients was 18-80 years old. We included studies that utilized only the BoNT-A serotype. These studies utilized various severity scales to quantify response to toxin injection, with ratings of instrument or pen control included as subjective ratings. Of the included 139 patients in this review, pooled data for toxin response show that 73% of patients who received the drug demonstrated improvement. Specific techniques for muscle localization and targeting were difficult to study as variable methods were employed. This remains an area of ongoing exploration.
Topics: Botulinum Toxins; Dystonic Disorders; Humans
PubMed: 34941736
DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120899 -
Neurology India 2018Botulinum toxin has gained immense popularity since its introduction for therapeutic use. It is used in a variety of movement disorders like hemi-facial spasm, focal... (Review)
Review
Botulinum toxin has gained immense popularity since its introduction for therapeutic use. It is used in a variety of movement disorders like hemi-facial spasm, focal dystonias like blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, oromandibular dystonia, limb dystonias. It is also being used in patients with tremors, tics and for a variety of indications in Parkinson's disease as well. There are eight subtypes of toxins available, but type A and B are the ones used in movement disorder clinics. The toxin mainly acts by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and causing weakness. Type B toxin has more effect over the autonomic nervous system and hence is preferred for hyper-secretory disorders. The use of electromyography and ultrasound further improve the accuracy of the procedure. It is a relatively safe therapeutic option with its effect lasting for around three months. It has very few side effects. The key is to start with the lowest possible dose and then gradually increase the dose depending upon the patient's response. Selecting the right muscles for injection is of utmost importance and is guided by the knowledge of anatomy of the muscles.
Topics: Botulinum Toxins; Humans; Movement Disorders; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29503330
DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.226441 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Oct 2021
Topics: Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals; Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Humans; Poisons
PubMed: 34571594
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1198_21 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Nov 1992
Topics: Botulinum Toxins; Dystonia; Facial Paralysis; Humans; Torticollis
PubMed: 1467713
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.305.6863.1169 -
Toxins Jun 2018Botulinum toxin (BTX) is widely used to treat muscle spasticity by acting on motor neurons. Recently, studies of the effects of BTX on sensory nerves have been reported... (Review)
Review
Botulinum toxin (BTX) is widely used to treat muscle spasticity by acting on motor neurons. Recently, studies of the effects of BTX on sensory nerves have been reported and several studies have been conducted to evaluate its effects on peripheral and central neuropathic pain. Central neuropathic pain includes spinal cord injury-related neuropathic pain, post-stroke shoulder pain, multiple sclerosis-related pain, and complex regional pain syndrome. This article reviews the mechanism of central neuropathic pain and assesses the effect of BTX on central neuropathic pain.
Topics: Animals; Botulinum Toxins; Humans; Neuralgia; Neurotoxins
PubMed: 29857568
DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060224 -
Toxins Apr 2022Various movement disorders, such as oromandibular dystonia, oral dyskinesia, bruxism, functional (psychogenic) movement disorder, and tremors, exist in the... (Review)
Review
Various movement disorders, such as oromandibular dystonia, oral dyskinesia, bruxism, functional (psychogenic) movement disorder, and tremors, exist in the stomatognathic system. Most patients experiencing involuntary movements due to these disorders visit dentists or oral surgeons, who may be the first healthcare providers. However, differential diagnoses require neurological and dental knowledge. This study aimed to review scientific advances in botulinum toxin therapy for these conditions. The results indicated that botulinum toxin injection is effective and safe, with few side effects in most cases when properly administered by an experienced clinician. The diagnosis and treatment of movement disorders in the stomatognathic system require both neurological and dental or oral surgical knowledge and skills, and well-designed multicenter trials with a multidisciplinary team approach must be necessary to ensure accurate diagnosis and proper treatment.
Topics: Botulinum Toxins; Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Dyskinesias; Dystonia; Dystonic Disorders; Humans; Movement Disorders; Stomatognathic System
PubMed: 35448891
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040282 -
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine May 1994
Topics: Animals; Botulinum Toxins; Humans; Lethal Dose 50; Mice; Reference Standards
PubMed: 8207732
DOI: No ID Found -
Toxins Feb 2016The standard treatment for overactive bladder starts with patient education and behavior therapies, followed by antimuscarinic agents. For patients with urgency urinary... (Review)
Review
The standard treatment for overactive bladder starts with patient education and behavior therapies, followed by antimuscarinic agents. For patients with urgency urinary incontinence refractory to antimuscarinic therapy, currently both American Urological Association (AUA) and European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines suggested that intravesical injection of botulinum toxin A should be offered. The mechanism of botulinum toxin A includes inhibition of vesicular release of neurotransmitters and the axonal expression of capsaicin and purinergic receptors in the suburothelium, as well as attenuation of central sensitization. Multiple randomized, placebo-controlled trials demonstrated that botulinum toxin A to be an effective treatment for patients with refractory idiopathic or neurogenic detrusor overactivity. The urinary incontinence episodes, maximum cystometric capacity, and maximum detrusor pressure were improved greater by botulinum toxin A compared to placebo. The adverse effects of botulinum toxin A, such as urinary retention and urinary tract infection, were primarily localized to the lower urinary tract. Therefore, botulinum toxin A offers an effective treatment option for patients with refractory overactive bladder.
Topics: Animals; Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Humans; Neuromuscular Agents; Urinary Bladder, Overactive
PubMed: 26938559
DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030059